ip subnetting workbook

IP subnetting workbook is one of the best ways to get expertise in the subject of subnetting, calculating IPs. It is all about how much you are practicing. As a networking professional, you will have to face real situations of planning network structures, decide and design subnets, calculate IP address's, almost everything. You will never have confidence to face such situations unless you haven't practiced. You can find lots of free IP subnetting workbooks on the internet. So.. start downloading and practicing. 

Ccna PrepCenter - IP Subnetting from Networkers

View more documents from Renato Siqueira

Subnetting Principles

Subnetting lets you borrow bits from the host and use them to allow for more networks. When subnetting, separating the network and host requires a special mechanism called a subnet mask. A subnet mask, which contains a binary bit pattern of ones and zeros, is applied to an address to extract the network ID for purposes of determining whether an address is on the local network. If not, the address is switched or routed on.

The function of a subnet mask is to extract the network ID portion of an IP destination address and determine whether an IP address exists on the local network or whether it must be routed outside the local network. If the extracted network ID matches the local network ID, the destination is located on the local network. However, if they don't match, the message must be routed outside the local network. The process used to apply the subnet mask involves Boolean algebra to filter out nonmatching bits.

 

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

Windowing - Automatic Flow Control

Click on image if not clear

As we discussed about how a connection being established  between two devices in TCP ( please refer the topic  3 way handshake concept ), The next immediate step is to start transferring data packets. It just happen like this.

Step 1. Establishing Connection

A -->>-->>-->>-->>-- Synchronization -->>-->>-->>-->>-- B

A --<<--<<--Acknowledgement + Synchronization--<<--<<--B 

A-->>-->>-->>-->>--Acknowledgement-->>-->>-->>-->>--B

A ---<<--<<--<<---Connection  Established---<<--<<--<<---B

Step 2. Data Transferring

A -->>-->>-->>-->>-->>--Packet  1-->>-->>-->>-->>-->>--B

A--<<--<<--<<--<<--Acknowledgement 2--<<--<<--<<--<<--B

Remember that when B receives the packet number 1, B send Acknowledgement number 2 

A--->>-->>-->>-->>---Packet  2, 3, 4, 5--->>-->>-->>-->>---B

A--<<--<<--<<--<<--Acknowledgement   6--<<--<<--<<--<<--B

A->>-->>-->>---Packet 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13-->>-->>-->>-B

A--<<--<<--<<--<<--Acknowledgement 11--<<--<<--<<--<<--B

See the above incident, A sends packet number 6 to 13 but B sends the acknowledgement number 11. That means B has only received packets up to number 10. Then A have to send lost packets again.

A->>-->>-->>-->>---Packet 11, 12, 13, 14->>-->>-->>--->>--B

A--<<--<<--<<--<<--Acknowledgement  15--<<--<<--<<--<<--B

Likewise A always wants to finish sending packets as possible as early. So A gradually increase the number of packets sending in one time. But at a certain level B gets busy and fails to handle all the packets, Then B send a message to A to say that the number of packets sending in one time is too much, so please decrease the number of packets. Then A decrease the number of packets and in such case the data flowing rate is increasing and decreasing automatically. If you observe the data flowing rate via a graphical chart you can see the rate is going up and down like this.

This process calling windowing (automatic flow control) in TCP

Three way handshake Concept (3 Way handshake)

How a Connection establish in TCP/IP according to the Three way Handshake (3Way handshake) concept

Three way handshake is regarding establishing a TCP socket connection between two pc's in three steps. It just happens like this. Assume that you have two pc's called host A and host B. They are connected physically with appropriate cables via Ethernet ports. TCP/IP protocol is running.

Step 1. Host A sends a synchronization packet to the Host B

just asking "Hello friend, I would like to establish a connection with you. Would you like ?

Step 2. Host B replies to Host A with a Acknowledgement packet + synchronization packet   

Acknowledgement packet says that "Yes I like to establish a connection with you" and Synchronization packet says "Please confirm it"

Step 3. Host A sends an Acknowledgement packet to Host B 

To say that " OK, then we'll establish a connection"

This is how a connection establish with 3way handshake (Threeway handshake) concept

Then three way handshake CONNECTION ESTABLISHED and starts to flow data between two hosts. In next post we'll see how the data flowing taking place between two hosts and controlling flow by them self. think all are very clean and clear here and you enjoyed it.